I paint change. Alternating and overlapping painted and drawn marks, I use the geologic principles of younger-over-older and younger-cuts-older to fix a visible record of time’s passage, creating drawings, paintings and sculptures that reveal how they changed through time. Text-based works experiment with spatial vs. temporal organization, including apparently nonsensical phrases or jumbled letters that are legible in time (oldest-to-youngest), based on overlapping or crosscutting relationships that provide visible proof of the precise order in which every letter was created, from first to last. Explicitly or implicitly, all of my work asks and answers the question, How was this made?